Anarchy 94/The machinery of conformity - Revision history

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 {{tab}}The first of these is {{w|drugs|Psychiatric_medication}}. The effect is to chemically counteract the deviant behaviour patterns, thus allowing the culturally conditioned patterns to reassert themselves. This is brought out especially in schizo&shy;phrenia, where after a long time they can produce apparent {{qq|normality}}, but the removal of the drug brings about a rapid return to the former state of mind. In depression&mdash;in less fundamental deviations generally&mdash;the drug seems often to get the person over that particular bout, as part of a medical programme.
-{{tab}}The second is {{w|electro-<wbr>convulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive_therapy}}&mdash;electric shock treatment. We know very little about the effects of this, but it was found that dream-<wbr>starved rats could be relieved by electric shocks: they showed less need to catch up on {{w|REM|Rapid_eye_movement_sleep}} (i.e. dream) sleep than those that were not given shocks. One could hypothesise that, since dreams are our unconscious problem-<wbr>solving technique (cf. {{w|J. A. Hadfield|J._A._Hadfield}}: ''{{popup|Dreams and Nightmares|Penguin (1964).}}''), the psychosis is, as is the neurosis, solved.
+{{tab}}The second is {{w|electro-convulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive_therapy}}&mdash;electric shock treatment. We know very little about the effects of this, but it was found that dream-<wbr>starved rats could be relieved by electric shocks: they showed less need to catch up on {{w|REM|Rapid_eye_movement_sleep}} (i.e. dream) sleep than those that were not given shocks. One could hypothesise that, since dreams are our unconscious problem-<wbr>solving technique (cf. {{w|J. A. Hadfield|J._A._Hadfield}}: ''{{popup|Dreams and Nightmares|Penguin (1964).}}''), the psychosis is, as is the neurosis, solved.
-{{tab}}However, an experience with one psychotic patient suggests an alternative. He had, up till his first {{popup|ECT|electro-<wbr>convulsive therapy}}, insisted that he must play for real, that he was not going to act any more (backing up Laing&rsquo;s environmentalist explanation of schizophrenia). After the first ECT he said he had been fooling us for too long and would go on doing so. He also, having up to then begged for a shock so that he could break through {{qq|the sex-<wbr>barrier}}, when told that he was getting a second ECT said he did not want that kind of shock.
+{{tab}}However, an experience with one psychotic patient suggests an alternative. He had, up till his first {{popup|ECT|electro-convulsive therapy}}, insisted that he must play for real, that he was not going to act any more (backing up Laing&rsquo;s environmentalist explanation of schizophrenia). After the first ECT he said he had been fooling us for too long and would go on doing so. He also, having up to then begged for a shock so that he could break through {{qq|the sex-<wbr>barrier}}, when told that he was getting a second ECT said he did not want that kind of shock.
 {{tab}}It is possible, on this basis, to tentatively suggest that in fact the sheer power of the ECT-<wbr>induced dreaming was unbearable&mdash;in normal life he would have dreamed about it much slower&mdash;and drove him to return to his earlier false self-<wbr>true self split, to protect himself from this overpowering annihilation. The schizophrenic&rsquo;s basic problem is a sense of insecurity of being. The power of such an experience as ECT, which would overwhelm him, clearly could propel him into such a reaction.

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 {{tab}}But we are discussing the modern, and much more effective techniques. For in the traditional method there was the inherent danger that resentment would be transferred from the master to the ruling class. In the modern method this danger is dealt with. The children feel solidarity with the teacher against the failure. The shame is therefore far greater. {{w|J. Henry|Jules_Henry}} describes a concrete example of this technique of linking competitive success with praise and failure with shame.
-{{tab}}A teacher invited a pupil to reduce 12/16 to the lowest terms. He had trouble with it. She ignored the other pupils howling to supply the answer and concentrated on him, telling him to {{qq|think}}, although he was probably mentally paralysed. Finally she turned to the rest of the class, asked the question, and selected one of the children to supply it. Henry comments: {{qq|Boris&rsquo;s failure made it possible for Peggy to succeed; his misery is the occasion for her rejoicing &hellip; Such experiences force every man reared in our culture, over and over again, night in, night out, even at the pinnacle of success, to dream not of success, but of failure.}} (''{{l|Culture Against Man|https://archive.org/details/pdfy-jpMBGO7CRp6i8FQD}}''.) One could point out that Peggy&rsquo;s success would make a dream of this: the two dreams seem to me likely to co-<wbr>exist. Admittedly Henry is describing an American school, but there seems at least a chance that, as time goes on, we may adopt this kind of technique.
+{{tab}}A teacher invited a pupil to reduce 12/16 to the lowest terms. He had trouble with it. She ignored the other pupils howling to supply the answer and concentrated on him, telling him to {{qq|think}}, although he was probably mentally paralysed. Finally she turned to the rest of the class, asked the question, and selected one of the children to supply it. Henry comments: {{qq|Boris&rsquo;s failure made it possible for Peggy to succeed; his misery is the occasion for her rejoicing. &hellip; Such experiences force every man reared in our culture, over and over again, night in, night out, even at the pinnacle of success, to dream not of success, but of failure.}} (''{{l|Culture Against Man|https://archive.org/details/pdfy-jpMBGO7CRp6i8FQD}}''.) One could point out that Peggy&rsquo;s success would make a dream of this: the two dreams seem to me likely to co-<wbr>exist. Admittedly Henry is describing an American school, but there seems at least a chance that, as time goes on, we may adopt this kind of technique.
 {{tab}}Henry also observes another phenomenon in education. The teacher did not ask who had the answer to the next question, but who would like to provide it. {{qq|A skilled teacher sets up many situations in such a way that a negative attitude can only be construed as treason.}} Thus the shame is added to by the sense that in failure one has betrayed the group: and how many children want to feel an outcast?
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
-{{j|{{tab}}We have seen how, under certain circumstances, cultural condi&shy;tioning can break down. Our particular form of society regignizes two types of deviant&mdash;the mentally ill, and the criminal. Up till recently it has regarded them as separate groups. Now increasingly the more liberal at least are taking up the cry that criminality too is a sign of mental disorder. Instead of punishment, therefore, the prisoner must be helped to become a productive member of society. He must be rehabilitated. His attitudes must be revised to a position compatible with the society in which he lives. So the prisons follow the lead of the mental hospitals in attempting to fit our failures to become acceptable and responsible citizens.
+{{j|{{tab}}We have seen how, under certain circumstances, cultural condi&shy;tioning can break down. Our particular form of society recognizes two types of deviant&mdash;the mentally ill, and the criminal. Up till recently it has regarded them as separate groups. Now increasingly the more liberal at least are taking up the cry that criminality too is a sign of mental disorder. Instead of punishment, therefore, the prisoner must be helped to become a productive member of society. He must be rehabilitated. His attitudes must be revised to a position compatible with the society in which he lives. So the prisons follow the lead of the mental hospitals in attempting to fit our failures to become acceptable and responsible citizens.
 {{tab}}The libertarian must be quite clear on his attitude to this. He has no common ground with the liberal. Our basis is totally opposed to theirs. They say society is sane, even if it needs humanizing a little: we say, as the Marxists do, that society is of its nature dehumanizing and degrading. The liberal sees modern techniques in rehabilitation as an advance: wee must see them as, in the hands of society, lethal. Never before has the State been able to use so much knowledge of man to bring about his conformity. It is increasingly recognizing this: the deviant must be helped, not by punishment, which reinforces inner alienation, but by the psychological manipulation of our very being&mdash;to twist us so we are no longer alienated from society. We cease to be human beings in the process but the liberals, seeing welfare capitalism as the epitome of freedom, are blind. They are so wrapped up in their middle-<wbr>class cotton wool they do not realize they are caricatures of the whole man they idealize yet know nothing about.
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
-{{j|{{tab}}Psychiatry defines three types of mental illness&mdash;neuroses, psychoses, and psychopathy. In the first of these, the patient accepts that he is ill and wishes to be cured. He has accepted the validity of his cultural conditioning and wishes to have those experiences and patterns of behaviour felt as incompatible with {{qq|normality}} corrected. In the second, the patient was withdrawn into an inner world, which includes personified projections of those parts of himself he cannot face, and perhaps some valid experiences, as we have mentioned before. Unlike the neurotic, the psychotic is convinced that his mode-<wbr>of-<wbr>experience is valid and that of the culture invalid. The psychopath, too, does not recognize his mode-<wbr>of-<wbr>experience as abnormal. Society defines him as someone suffering from persistent mental disorder resulting in abnor&shy;mally aggressive or seriously irresponsible behaviour, requiring medical care and training.
+{{j|{{tab}}Psychiatry defines three types of mental illness&mdash;{{w|neuroses|Neurosis}}, {{w|psychoses|Psychosis}}, and {{w|psychopathy|Psychopathy}}. In the first of these, the patient accepts that he is ill and wishes to be cured. He has accepted the validity of his cultural conditioning and wishes to have those experiences and patterns of behaviour felt as incompatible with {{qq|normality}} corrected. In the second, the patient was withdrawn into an inner world, which includes personified projections of those parts of himself he cannot face, and perhaps some valid experiences, as we have mentioned before. Unlike the neurotic, the psychotic is convinced that his mode-<wbr>of-<wbr>experience is valid and that of the culture invalid. The psychopath, too, does not recognize his mode-<wbr>of-<wbr>experience as abnormal. Society defines him as someone suffering from persistent mental disorder resulting in abnor&shy;mally aggressive or seriously irresponsible behaviour, requiring medical care and training.
 {{tab}}Psychiatry has a number of approaches to the deviant, of whom the neurotic is the easiest to cure, except if obsessional. However, this type of illness, obsessive neurosis, is in fact usually a symptom of some underlying, deeper problem, such as depression or latent schizophrenia.
-{{tab}}The first of these is {{w|drugs|Psychiatric_medication}}. The effect is to chemically counteract the deviant behaviour patterns, thus allowing the culturally condition patters to reassert themselves. This is brought out especially in schizo&shy;phrenia, where after a long time they can produce apparent {{qq|normality}} but the removal of the drug brings about a rapid return to the former state of mind. In depression&mdash;in less fundamental deviations generally&mdash;the drug seems often to get the person over that particular bout, as part of a medical programme.
+{{tab}}The first of these is {{w|drugs|Psychiatric_medication}}. The effect is to chemically counteract the deviant behaviour patterns, thus allowing the culturally conditioned patterns to reassert themselves. This is brought out especially in schizo&shy;phrenia, where after a long time they can produce apparent {{qq|normality}}, but the removal of the drug brings about a rapid return to the former state of mind. In depression&mdash;in less fundamental deviations generally&mdash;the drug seems often to get the person over that particular bout, as part of a medical programme.
 {{tab}}The second is {{w|electro-<wbr>convulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive_therapy}}&mdash;electric shock treatment. We know very little about the effects of this, but it was found that dream-<wbr>starved rats could be relieved by electric shocks: they showed less need to catch up on {{w|REM|Rapid_eye_movement_sleep}} (i.e. dream) sleep than those that were not given shocks. One could hypothesise that, since dreams are our unconscious problem-<wbr>solving technique (cf. {{w|J. A. Hadfield|J._A._Hadfield}}: ''{{popup|Dreams and Nightmares|Penguin (1964).}}''), the psychosis is, as is the neurosis, solved.
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 {{j|{{tab}}We have seen, then, the effectiveness of cultural conditioning. It is therefore clearly insufficient to simply usher in a free society, because it will simply revert back to cultural conformity. We do not introduce freedom simply by providing a free environment: we must also set our&shy;selves free psychologically. We must set out to decondition ourselves, so that the natural man that now lies suffocated by an accumu&shy;lation of indoctrination can be released.
-{{tab}}And we must remember the problem of our conditioning especially in dealing with ways of bringing up children.
+{{tab}}And we must remember the problem of our conditioning especially in dealing with ways of bringing up our children.
 {{tab}}But a contradiction arises here. We must at the same time create a free environment and liberate ourselves. The process must in fact be an interacting evolution. To liberate ourselves before we have a free society is to face ourselves with the impossible task of working within a coercive structure&mdash;that is the quickest way to a {{w|mental break&shy;down|Mental_breakdown}}. What is necessary is to establish a libertarian environment as far as we can, and then work towards setting ourselves free, at the same time with the environment evolving to this change in situation.
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 {{tab}}But this requires that everyone wants to be free, whereas most are successfully conditioned. How do we break out of this?
-{{tab}}Surely it requires, in fact, the establishment of libertarian environ&shy;ments within the coercive society, started by people wishing to be free, evolving situations relative to their own evolving humanization, pre&shy;senting and alternative to existing society. I, at least, can see no other way.
+{{tab}}Surely it requires, in fact, the establishment of libertarian environ&shy;ments within the coercive society, started by people wishing to be free, evolving situations relative to their own evolving humanization, pre&shy;senting an alternative to existing society. I, at least, can see no other way.
 {{tab}}The most essential basis, then, is the will to be free, and to accept that, conditioned as we are to a coercive, stratified society, we have only a faint inkling of what it means to be fully free and human. To be prepared to accept that the community we form in the beginning may appear free to us, but it is only so in terms of our largely culturally conditioned being. And thus, as I have said, to evolve inner and outer freedom in the interaction of one with the other.
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 {{tab}}Such a liberatory process demands extensive involvement of the identity and the personality with the group, a source of potential pain as well as satisfaction. And yet it demands that a person only becomes involved to the extent he chooses, because this is the essence of a liber&shy;tarian outlook. But this is a conflict that will resolve itself, as the person unwilling to involve himself at depth finds the depth-<wbr>relationships of the ideas as to what sort of being liberated man, and therefore rehumanized man, is likely to be. This, as has been said, is because our ideas of what freedom means and will produce are expressions of our largely conditioned personalities.
-{{tab}}Nevertheless, on the basis of anthropology, it is possible to put out various ideas. Are we going to have far greater communalization, or are we going to see {{w|Stirnerite|Philosophy_of_Max_Stirner}} self-<wbr>sufficiency? Is the Marxist picture of sexual communism or the alternative of the family going to occur? Will factories be operated on a system of workers&rsquo; management? The anarchist has never been very specific about this utopia, and when he has differences of opinion have been obvious. Because in expressing his utopia he is expressing his largely culturally conditioned being. It is interesting, even helpful, to have some idea of which way we will go: but the fact remains it is very largely guesswork.}}
+{{tab}}Nevertheless, on the basis of anthropology, it is possible to put out various ideas. Are we going to have far greater communalization, or are we going to see {{w|Stirnerite|Philosophy_of_Max_Stirner}} self-<wbr>sufficiency? Is the Marxist picture of sexual communism or the alternative of the family going to occur? Will factories be operated on a system of workers&rsquo; management? The anarchist has never been very specific about his utopia, and when he has differences of opinion have been obvious. Because in expressing his utopia he is expressing his largely culturally conditioned being. It is interesting, even helpful, to have some idea of which way we will go: but the fact remains it is very largely guesswork.}}

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 {{tab}}Clearly it is not difficult for the parent to exploit this dependence on her. Progressively she introduces patterns of behaviour that represent conformity to what she wishes for the child and of it. It starts with training it to defecate in the appropriate place: it ends with indoctrinating it with the attitudes of the parents. {{l|Sartre|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre}} remarked: {{qq|Long before our birth, even before we are conceived, our parents have decided who we will be.}} (Foreword to ''The Traitor'', by {{l|Andre Gorz|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz}}.) But the attitudes of the parent may contradict with those of the society in which they live. And let us remember that however we try not to impose our attitudes on the child, we give them away by our approval or otherwise of their behaviour.
-{{tab}}It is well worth noting in all this that the most successful method of conditioning to our society is love&mdash;at least to the more{{qq|liberal-minded}} sections of our society. But at the same time a certain frustration probably helps to produce the more successful businessman. He is less concerned for his fellow man, more with getting what he wants. The petted child though is the same: having got everything from his parents, he intends to get it from society.
+{{tab}}It is well worth noting in all this that the most successful method of conditioning to our society is love&mdash;at least to the more {{qq|liberal-minded}} sections of our society. But at the same time a certain frustration probably helps to produce the more successful businessman. He is less concerned for his fellow man, more with getting what he wants. The petted child though is the same: having got everything from his parents, he intends to get it from society.
 {{tab}}Society however produces various child-rearing techniques. These the parent will tend to adhere to. In a society where the middle-classes, at least, have a variety of techniques to choose from, generally running in fashions&mdash;as much for the progressive parent, so-called, as for anyone else.
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 {{tab}}The association between the frustration of oral satisfaction and the wish for money and salmon is, as we have seen, made clear. The removal of the breast at the time of biting, reinforced by the general atmosphere of frustration, at the time and later&mdash;the whole system of making the child feel uncomfortable, frustrated and thus anxious&mdash;is directed into economic gain energy. And thus the Yurok are a money-fixated tribe. But the anxiety has also the effect of making life a long plea&mdash;especially the anxiety-invoking situation surrounding oral satisfaction at the breast.
-{{tab}}It has been said that {{qq|conformist individuals in abnormal cultures&mdash;such as the Yurok or the Dobuan&mdash;are in fact abnormal in an absolute sense, even though they find complete acceptance within their own culture.}} ({{popup|Andrew Crowcroft|British psychiatrist (1929-2002)}}: ''{{popup|The Psychotic|The Psychotic: Understanding Madness. Penguin (1967).}}''.)
+{{tab}}It has been said that {{qq|conformist individuals in abnormal cultures&mdash;such as the Yurok or the {{w|Dobuan|Dobu_Island}}&mdash;are in fact abnormal in an absolute sense, even though they find complete acceptance within their own culture.}} ({{popup|Andrew Crowcroft|British psychiatrist (1929-2002)}}: ''{{popup|The Psychotic|The Psychotic: Understanding Madness. Penguin (1967).}}''.)
-{{tab}}But as {{l|Laing|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Laing}} in particular brings out very clearly, our own culture does not qualify as the ideal-type. {{qq|We are bemused and crazed creatures, strangers to our true selves, to one another, and to the spiritual and material world&mdash;mad, even from an ideal standpoint we can glimpse but not adopt. We are born into a world where alienation awaits us. We are potentially men, but in an alienated state, and this state is not simply a natural system &hellip; What is to be done? We who are still half alive in the often fibrillating heartland of a senescent capitalism&mdash;can we do more than reflect the decay around and within us?}} (''{{l|Politics of Experience|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politics_of_Experience_and_The_Bird_of_Paradise}}''.) A point that is accepted by anarchists anyway, so hardly needs stressing.
+{{tab}}But as {{l|Laing|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Laing}} in particular brings out very clearly, our own culture does not qualify as the ideal-type. {{qq|We are bemused and crazed creatures, strangers to our true selves, to one another, and to the spiritual and material world&mdash;mad, even from an ideal standpoint we can glimpse but not adopt. We are born into a world where alienation awaits us. We are potentially men, but in an alienated state, and this state is not simply a natural system. &hellip; What is to be done? We who are still half alive in the often fibrillating heartland of a senescent capitalism&mdash;can we do more than reflect the decay around and within us?}} (''{{l|Politics of Experience|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Politics_of_Experience_and_The_Bird_of_Paradise}}''.) A point that is accepted by anarchists anyway, so hardly needs stressing.
 {{tab}}School is also a crucial means in the process of turning the child into an obedient conformist. This is done, not only by such methods as Citizenship Classes and Religious Instruction. Far more relevant and effective is the indoctrination by the very method in which the teaching is carried out.

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 {{DEFAULTSORT: Machinery of conformity , the}}
 [[Category:Criminal justice]]
 [[Category:Education]]
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 [[Category:Psychology and psychiatry]]
 [[Category:Sociology]]

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 [[Category:Education]]
 [[Category:Parenting]]
-[[Category:Psychology and psyciatry]]
+[[Category:Psychology and psychiatry]]
 [[Category:Sociology]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 9 September 2016
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		+	{{header
		+	\| title = [[../\|ANARCHY 94 (Vol 8 No 12) DECEMBER 1968]]<br>The machinery of conformity
		+	\| author = Antony Fleming
		+	\| section =
		+	\| previous = [[../\|Contents of No. 94]]
		+	\| next = [[../Education in 1980: open or closed?\|Education in 1980: open or closed?]]
		+	\| notes =
		+	}}
		+
		+
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 {{tab}}Finally, we have the various types of analysis, and {{w|group psychotherapy|Group_psychotherapy}}. We will deal first with group psychotherapy.
-{{tab}}This is a method of {{qq|resocializing}} the patient by providing the use of group pressure as well as the satisfaction of psychological needs. As in occupational and industrial therapy, the ability of the group to provide or withhold psychological satisfaction is a potent force for coercion into conformity. The patient is able to talk out his problems in communication with the others and assist them to work out theirs. Both by the advice of the psychotherapist and by the fact that it is something all the participants, or most of them, share, it is culturally conformist patterns of experience and behaviour that are worked towards. Group psychotherapy is in fact probably the closest thing we have to thought-reform brainwashing. For the lonely psychotic, the person who does not regard the culture as valid, is subjected to tremendous group pressure. And the very fear of the psychotic is that he will be overwhelmed and engulfed by other people, and the total loss of identity in the overwhelming of self by the other. A high-pressured group psychotherapy could, if kept up consistently, drive the psychotic into superficial conformity. And society only requires that we conform: it is not worried about what goes on insude us provided it does not influence our relationship to reality.
+{{tab}}This is a method of {{qq|resocializing}} the patient by providing the use of group pressure as well as the satisfaction of psychological needs. As in occupational and industrial therapy, the ability of the group to provide or withhold psychological satisfaction is a potent force for coercion into conformity. The patient is able to talk out his problems in communication with the others and assist them to work out theirs. Both by the advice of the psychotherapist and by the fact that it is something all the participants, or most of them, share, it is culturally conformist patterns of experience and behaviour that are worked towards. Group psychotherapy is in fact probably the closest thing we have to thought-reform brainwashing. For the lonely psychotic, the person who does not regard the culture as valid, is subjected to tremendous group pressure. And the very fear of the psychotic is that he will be overwhelmed and engulfed by other people, and the total loss of identity in the overwhelming of self by the other. A high-pressured group psychotherapy could, if kept up consistently, drive the psychotic into superficial conformity. And society only requires that we conform: it is not worried about what goes on inside us provided it does not influence our relationship to reality.
 {{tab}}Analysis, whether direct, or with the aid of drugs or {{w|hypnosis|Hypnosis}}, is aimed at discovering the primary causes of the {{qq|disorder}}. It works on the principle that every symptom has a traumatic origin, which is correct, but ignores the fact that the cultural conformist pattern of behaviour is equally abnormal&mdash;since analysis takes conformism as the ideal. It also, by its nature, treats the person as a collection of parts, rather than a whole. This must be so, because to liberate the whole person from inhibition and repression is to make him human, and thus incompatible with a dehumanized society. The analyst can only release what is incompatible with society. Modern psychoanalysis sees a place for the {{w|superego|Id,_ego_and_super-ego}}&mdash;yet the sole function of the superego is to inhibit our natural instincts.
 {{tab}}And, as we believe, a person is only fully human if he is free to seek his own fulfilment unrestricted and unconditioned&mdash;and that in a free environment with such inner freedom he will not indulge in a complete free-for-all.
 </div>